Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism

Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism Presentation This audit talks about the movement of kinesin, a twofold headed engine protein. An examination was directed to figure out which of two movement designs is the one which depicts the development of this protein: the inchworm model, or the hand-over-hand model. What is Kinesin? Kinesin is a protein in a class of engine proteins which are fueled by the hydrolysis of ATP †the particle answerable for moving synthetic vitality for digestion [1]. Kinesin ship enormous payload about cells by strolling along microtubules, hydrolysing one atom of ATP for every progression [2]. It has been proposed than the power of the protein official to the microtubule impels the load along [3]. Kinesin moves to the â€Å"plus† end of the microtubule, which means it ship the payload from the inside to the edge of the cell [4]. There is proof that some kinesins have a job in mitosis (cell division), by isolating microtubules or depolymerising them [5]. The Models The inchworm model depicts movement with one â€Å"arm† of the protein pushing ahead, trailed by the other, with the principal arm consistently in the number one spot. There are two sorts of inchworm movement, symmetric and unbalanced, which are appeared in the picture beneath. The symmetric model makes littler strides, so just each arm moves in turn. Unbalanced movement makes a solitary stride, at the center of which the two arms move. In the hand-over-hand model, exchanging arms push ahead over one another. In the symmetric case, the particle pivots a similar way unfailingly, however in the topsy-turvy case the atom turns in substituting headings. These models are appeared in the picture underneath. Fundamental Results The papers fundamental outcome shows that the kinesin protein moves utilizing a topsy-turvy hand-over-hand component. To arrive at this decision, an assortment of single particle tests were performed. They set up that the individual kinesin dimers make discrete strides indiscriminately spans along the microtubule, and may take upwards of one hundred 8 nm ventures before discharging. The development is processive, implying that the protein can make numerous back to back strides without discharging the substrate (the atom on which it acts †here, the microtubule). This movement exists in any event, when outer powers up to a few pN are applied, which shows some portion of the protein remains connected consistently. The dynamic piece of kinesin is made out of a dimer, with two indistinguishable overwhelming chains, each with a â€Å"head† connected to a typical tail. These chains join to a short â€Å"neck† made out of single polypeptide chains. The overwhelming chains are curled round one another to permit the revolution essential for the hand-over-hand model. This revolution is about the neck, however the movement of the heads turning would keep twisting, adding until the overwhelming chains would join into a typical tail, forestalling free pivot. An investigation was directed [6] demonstrating that no huge pivot happens of the tail during the venturing movement. For a symmetric model, an enormous revolution (around 180 degrees) was normal in the hand-over-hand models. The reason for the meaning of â€Å"symmetric† here was in three measurements: the structure of the kinesin and microtubule must be indistinguishable toward the beginning and end of every ATP hydrolytic cycle, aside from the two heads having traded places [6]. A case of this is essentially the dimer pivoting a large portion of an insurgency about a hub opposite to the microtubule each progression [7], thus the expectation for a turn of 180 degrees. Anyway this was precluded, and an inchworm model was proposed. In this, just one of the heads is dynamic in hydrolysis, yet the chance of an unbalanced hand-over-hand movement remained. This would imply that the head and neck move so that the general pivot of the tail is smothered, rather switching back and for th between two unmistakable structures [8]. How They Were Obtained The progression movement of individual local and recombinant (framed in the lab by joining hereditary material from various sources) kinesin particles was estimated, utilizing optical power clasp mechanical assembly. This procedure utilizes light from a firmly focussed laser to trap little, polarisable particles in a likely well close to the point of convergence [9]. It was discovered that the inherent venturing rates switched back and forth between two unique qualities for each progression, which means the particles â€Å"limped†. The distinction in steps suggests there was a rotation in basic atomic arrangements, which means the movement couldn't be completely symmetric, (for example, the inchworm and symmetric hand-over-hand movements ought to be). The disclosure of the limp, alongside other nano-mechanical properties, implies the protein moves with an awry hand-over-hand movement. Single particles of kinesin were connected to tiny dots, filling in as markers for position and as handles for outside powers. An optical snare was then used to catch the individual globules that diffused while conveying the kinesin, which were put close to the microtubules. This was while kinesin bound and moved. The movement was then followed utilizing nanometer level accuracy. A criticism controlled power light was utilized to apply a consistent in reverse burden during the movement, so as to diminish the Brownian changes and improve the spatiotemporal goals. It likewise took into account the kinesin to move further, making more strides, so as to show measurable hugeness. The Results A subordinate of Drosophila melanogaster kinesin (DmK401) was appeared to have a conspicuous limp, with enormous time contrasts in the means notwithstanding the stochastic nature (and resulting changeability). Factual examination indicated huge contrasts in the normal advance occasions for both moderate and quick advances. The spans of the means were then determined as Ï„slow = 136  ± 6 ms and Ï„fast = 24  ± 1 ms. The limp factor, L, would then be able to be determined as the proportion of the mean length of the moderate venturing time to the mean term of the quick venturing time. The circulation indicated huge limping for most of particles, yet there was wide variety in the outcomes. 63% of records demonstrated L > 4, and the normal was L = 6.45  ± 0.31. A few engines took numerous runs and had reliably higher limp components than others, yet the dissemination was expansive and the populaces couldn't be isolated of limping and non-limping atoms. Other kinesin particles, for example, the local squid kinesin, demonstrated practically no proof of limping †similar counts were applied as to DmK401, and the occasions were determined to be Ï„slow = 90  ± 4 ms and Ï„fast = 54  ± 2 ms. The thing that matters is a lot littler than that for DmK401. The limp appropriation was likewise seen as smaller, with the normal limp factor being L = 2.23  ± 0.14, just somewhat higher than the assessed an incentive for a non-limping particle, L ~ 1.8. The test was then finished with kinesin derivates of Drosophila which had expanding tail lengths. Longer stalks mean the engines are less inclined to limp. The biggest tail tried was that of DmK871, and this had a limp factor of L = 2.16  ± 0.17, which was vague from local squid kinesin. There was likewise a connection between's an expanding limp factor (in this way shorter stalks) and an expansion in trademark lifetime of the moderate advance time, though the quick advance stayed invariant. This recommends the limping originates from one head alone, and the other is unconcerned. A bacterial articulation of a subsidiary of human kinesin (HsK413) additionally limped, with limp factor = 2.98  ± 0.25, a lot more prominent than the local squid kinesin, yet at the same time under DmK401 and DmK448. Once in a while, squid kinesin particles appeared to limp, making anomalies †some of which limped reliably. Conversation As both local and bacterially communicated dimers from various species can limp, this conduct might be a consequence of a typical system portraying how all kinesin atoms move. The variation among short and long advance occasions during limping mirrors a shift between the natural rate (the rate with which the populace increments) and the time it takes to leave each stage where neither one of the heads is moving. This suggests the structure of the kinesin-microtubule complex is diverse toward the finish of consecutive advances. The system portraying the development of kinesin should in this manner be unbalanced, which means the sub-atomic arrangement switches after each progression. Symmetric systems, by definition, can't represent exchanging †inchworm models won't limp without extra (uneven) highlights, nor will symmetric hand-over-hand models. The detail of how kinesin engines move isn't notable or seen, so we can't see how limping could identify with the structure of the movement, yet there are a few recommendations dependent on the uneven hand-over-hand instrument. Limping could be brought about by misalignment of the tail loops, which means the necks would be various lengths, consequently the head with a shorter neck would require additional opportunity to locate the following restricting site utilizing a diffusional search and in general easing back the energy. Another alternative is that there could be finished or under-twisting of the loops from hand-over-hand movement, causing torsional asymmetry. The vitality required to loop or uncoil the tail would be decreased, changing the harmony and the rate with which the head pushes ahead. While there is no quick clarification for the impact whereby the shorter stalks bring about longer moderate venturing times, it might be joined into later investigations with further suspicions. In any case, these tests have demonstrated that more methodologies are required for single-atom investigations to respond to these inquiries. Regardless of the specific instrument not being known, the investigations do show that the kinesin engines limp, and making the topsy-turvy hand-over-hand component the most probable. For what reason is this Significant? This is an achievement in the field, as more detail can

How to Combine Arrays in Ruby

Step by step instructions to Combine Arrays in Ruby What is the most ideal approach to join clusters? This inquiry is very dubious and can mean a couple of various things. Link Link is to annex one thing to another. For instance, linking the exhibits [1,2,3] and [4,5,6] will give you [1,2,3,4,5,6]. This should be possible in a couple of courses in Ruby. The first is the in addition to administrator. This will annex one exhibit as far as possible of another, making a third cluster with the components of both. On the other hand, utilize the concat strategy (the administrator and concat technique are practically proportionate). On the off chance that youre doing a great deal of these tasks you may wish to stay away from this. Article creation isn't free, and all of these activities makes a third exhibit. In the event that you need to adjust a cluster set up, making it longer with new components you can utilize the administrator. In any case, in the event that you have a go at something like this, youll get a surprising outcome. Rather than the normal [1,2,3,4,5,6] cluster we get [1,2,3,[4,5,6]]. This bodes well, the affix administrator takes the item you give it and affixss it as far as possible of the cluster. It didnt know or care that you attempted to annex another exhibit to the cluster. So we can circle over it ourselves. Set Operations The world join can likewise be utilized to depict the set tasks. The fundamental set tasks of crossing point, association, and contrast are accessible in Ruby. Recollect that sets depict a lot of items (or in science, numbers) that are special in that set. For instance, if you somehow managed to do a set procedure on the cluster [1,1,2,3] Ruby will sift through that subsequent 1, despite the fact that 1 might be in the subsequent set. So know that these set tasks are not quite the same as rundown activities. Sets and records are in a general sense various things. You can take the association of two sets utilizing the | administrator. This is the or administrator, if a component is in one set or different, its in the subsequent set. So the consequence of [1,2,3] | [3,4,5] is [1,2,3,4,5] (recollect that despite the fact that there are two threes, this is a set activity, not a rundown activity). The crossing point of two sets is another approach to join two sets. Rather than an or activity, the convergence of two sets is an and activity. The components of the resultant set are those in the two sets. Furthermore, being an and activity, we utilize the administrator. So the consequence of [1,2,3] [3,4,5] is basically [3]. At long last, another approach to join two sets is to take their distinction. The distinction of two sets is the arrangement of all articles in the primary set that isn't in the subsequent set. So [1,2,3] - [3,4,5] is [1,2]. Zipping At long last, there is zipping. Two exhibits can be zipped together joining them in a somewhat one of a kind way. Its best to simply show it first, and clarify after. The consequence of [1,2,3].zip([3,4,5]) is [ [1,3], [2,4], [3,5] ]. So what occurred here? The two clusters were joined, the principal component being a rundown of all components in the main situation of the two exhibits. Zipping is somewhat of a bizarre activity and you may not discover a lot of utilization for it. Its motivation is to join two clusters whose components intently relate.

Fall Transfer Update Part II - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Fall Transfer Update Part II - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Fall Transfer Update Part II As I stated last week, I will try to post a weekly update about Fall transfers and how the process is going. Since tomorrow is a furlough day, I will be out of the office an unable to see what is going on with the numbers, and our evaluation team will also be out. As such, I am giving you an update today. Our evaluation team is moving along at a very rapid pace, and we are almost at the same point in time decision wise as last year for transfer students. Over 700 admit decisions have gone out, and over 1,000 decisions as a whole have been made (admit and deny). Taking into account the overall numbers and the number of incomplete applicants, it looks like we have made decisions on just over half of the actionable applicants (files with all materials submitted to UGA). The evaluation team is averaging roughly 60-80 decisions a day, and I project that we will have almost all Fall transfer decisions out by the end of the third week of May. Again, due to all of the different variables of each applicant, I cannot guess as to when a student will hear a decision, or what exact date we are working on at this time. Please be patient with us as we try to close out the decisions over the next several weeks. Go Dawgs!

Hurricane Names List for 2014

Below you will find the listing of hurricane names for the Atlantic Ocean for the year 2014. For every year, there is a pre-approved list of tropical storm and hurricane names. These lists have been generated by the National Hurricane Center since 1953. At first, the lists consisted of only female names; however, since 1979, the lists alternate between male and female. Hurricane Naming Conventions Hurricanes are named alphabetically from the list in chronological order. Thus the first tropical storm or hurricane of the year has a name that begins with A and the second is given the name that begins with B. The lists contain hurricane names that begin from A to W, but exclude names that begin with a Q or U. There are six lists that continue to rotate. The lists only change when there is a hurricane that is so devastating, the name is retired and another hurricane name replaces it. The 2014 hurricane name list is the same as the 2008 hurricane name list with the exception of three names that were devastating hurricanes in 2008 and thus retired. Gustav was replaced by Gonzalo, Ike was replaced by Isaias, and Paloma was replaced by Paulette. 2014 Hurricane Names ArthurBerthaCristobalDollyEdouardFayGonzaloHannaIsaiasJosephineKyleLauraMarcoNanaOmarPauletteReneSallyTeddyVickyWilfred

World War II The Great War - 1105 Words

Embroiling most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East and other regions, World War One pitted the Central Powers--mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey--against the Allies--mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war was virtually unprecedented in the slaughter, carnage and destruction it caused. World War 1 also known as â€Å"the Great War† was a horrifying, bloody four year conflict that killed some fourteen million people, collapsed empires and redrew large parts of the world’s map. †Though tensions had been brewing in Europe–and especially in the troubled Balkan region–for years before conflict†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Militarism, nationalism and imperialism played major roles in the conflict. They were not separate, they were all connected in one way or another. However the immediate cause of the war lay in the decision taken by statesmen and generals during the crisis of 1914.The crisis came after a lengthy and troublesome series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers over Europe and colonial issues in the decades before 1914 that had left tension high. In turn, these diplomatics clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1867. The more immediate cause for the war was tensions over territory in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the Great Powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties. World War 1 causes is one of the most studied in world history. There have been many interpretations and speculations about the events that led up to World War 1 but never-the-less, many lives were lost. The United States played a critical role in the outcome of World War 1. The U.S. tried very hard to remain neutral because they viewed the conflict as an affair that didn’t involve the United States. Woodrow Wilson, announced the neutrality policy adopted by America between the years 1914-1917. WilsonShow MoreRelatedWorld War II : The Great War1083 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War II The devastation left by the Great War (aka World War 1) had greatly destabilized Europe, and in many aspects World War II grew out of issues left unresolved by the conflicts of WW1. In particular, political and economic instability in Germany left by the harsh punishments and terms imposed by the Versailles Treaty, fueled the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. 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Why Do Primates Free Their Hands How Is Walking Upright...

Walking upright with two legs is a common daily phenomenon, however, the ability of moving with only two legs is the result of millions of years of evolution and adaptation. During the process of human evolution, the appearance of bipedalism, which describes the terrestrial locomotion where animals move with their rear limbs in the form of walking, hopping or running, is considered as one of the major steps that sets Hominin group apart from other primates. Even though the transition from quadrupedalism to bipedalism has major drawbacks that sacrifice the flexibility and prevent bipeds to effectively practice arboreal locomotion, it provides a new form of locomotion and frees both hands to be capable of completing other projects while†¦show more content†¦Another explanation of bipedalism is that walking upright reduce the energy consumption. Michael Sokol, a professor from University of California, Davis, David Raichlen, a professor from University of Arizona, Tucson, and H erman Pontzer, a professor from Washington University, St. Louis, conduct an experiment that examines the energy consumption level for both humans and adult chimpanzees. Their studies suggest that â€Å"early transitional forms would have reaped some energy savings with minor increases in hip extension and leg length.† According the research, they also conclude that energetics is an important factor in the evolution of bipedalism and the improved efficiency of locomotion â€Å" may accrued very early within the hominin lineage.† Methods As Lovejoy indicates that males need their hands to carry food for their partners and offsprings, so that bipedalism starts to appear. This hypothesis is hard to prove, however, logically speaking, carrying highly energy-rich food such as nuts or fruits is beneficial to the group and community. A study conducted in West Africa suggests that early hominids walk upright to carry resources away from other competitors. Researchers provide piles of oil palm and nuts to 11 chimpanzees, who prefer the nuts. According to the research, the chimps are four times more likely to walk upright with two legs, so that they are able to

Rock and Roll Hall of the Frame

Questions: This particular assignment is based on the application of Rock and roll Hall of the Frame and Museum revisited (BoveÃÅ' e Thill, 2012). The researcher of this particular museum is Todd Mesek. Todd Mesek asked the analyst to prepare a questionnaire based on the computer interactive about the weekday visitor as compared with weekend visitors. There are different kinds of factors, which the analyst needs to develop while conducting the research work and research procedure. (Kotler Armstrong, 2012).Q1) What is your age? Q2) What is your gender? Q3) Where do you stay? Q4) How frequently you visit to the museum? Q5) What are your views and recommendations on the proceedings of the museum? Based on the case study the analyst has developed these particular questions, which will help to relate the things in the research network Answers: a.The concept of the data collection method is very much important for any kind of management in order develop business plans and business strategies as per the requirements of the consumers. In the auditing procedure, the analyst will develop a set of questionnaire based on the key factors such as age of the visitors, family income of the visitors, locality of the visitors etc based on the research questions (Dignen McMaster, 2013). b.The second question is to determine the preparation of the right questions in order to support the entire auditing procedure with supportive information. This will include the concept of develop question based on the family income of the consumers, age of the visitors, locality of the visitors, etc (Guffey Loewy, 2013). Question 4 is very much important in this particular point. c.The analyst needs to develop all the question based on the research work and research procedure in a bias free manner (Murphy, Laczniak Prothero, 2012)d.The analyst needs to develop all the questions based on the research work and research procedure. Both open ended and close-ended question are required by the analyst to develop these questions (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). Open-ended questions means the required questions that the analyst needs to prepare in order to collect opinion form the visitors which is required for the development of the museum on the other hand the close ended questionnaire are required by the authority to gather different kinds of views on the proceedings of the business. The first four questions are open-ended questions. e.All the required questions, which are developed by the researcher covers both the concept of open ended and close ended areas of the management. Elimination is not required by the analyst to conduct the entire research work and research proceedings. All the questions are prepared by the researcher in order to complete the entire research proceedings based on the requirements of the research work (Guffey Loewy, 2013). Product Based on the current scenario and current structure the researcher has contracted the above questionnaire. This particular questionnaire will help the museum authority to develop all the major future strategies. The entire data collection procedure is very much helpful in the research proceedings. This particular case study is based on opening a yogurt store in Greenville, North Carolina. North Carolina is a part of United States. The researcher has been asked to conduct the research procedure to conclude about the feasibility of opening a frozen yogurt store in this particular area of the United States (Dignen McMaster, 2013). a. TCYB is one of the most popular Yogurt store in the entire United Sates based on the current statistical report of the Yogurt sale in this particular area the entire sales ration has increased up to 24 percent annually which is 37% of the entire annual production (Dignen McMaster, 2013). b.The cultural and demographic factor of this particular area is a bit different as compared with other areas of United States. The maximum population lies between the age group of 18 to 24 years. Around 40% of the entire population is in between this particular age group. This is a particular place, which will be ideal in order to organize the business structure of Yogurt (Locker Kienzler, 2013). |c. The per capita income of Carolina is nearly $24,745 per year. d. The name of the president of TCBY is Frank D. The address of the president of TCBY is 2425W.2D Street, Kings Brooklyn Network City, The Unites of America. This particular area of the United States has humid sub tropical climatic conditions. With hot summers and mild winters is the main character of the climatic conditions. Tropical cyclones, afternoon, and thunderstorm due to hot and humid conditions are very frequently. Tornado occasionally happens in the month of November (Dignen McMaster, 2013).There are 10,000 students are present in the East California university as per the statistical report of 2011.The concept of the yogurt is very much popular in the entire United States Nation. The marketing condition of the United States maintains a good infrastructure (Thill BoveÃÅ' e, 2013). The market share of TCBY tops $723 million as per the statistical report around 18% of the total market share of Yogurt in USA.The current journal relating to the present study is Fat is back. The rise of creamy yogurt in 2nd June 2015 which is a wall street journal (Byron, 2015).To show the daily sales of the small computer business, it is essent ial to use various visual aids such as Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint, as these visual tools have various recommended and specialized features to represent the sales figure along with various other important statistics such as price, quantity and distribution channels.The person, who will be using those visual aid must follow certain rules such as avoid using lesser pointer.Many leading organizations and researchers all throughout the world appreciate this visual aid such as Microsoft PowerPoint (Kotler Armstrong, 2012). In addition, these visual aids have many features that make the presentation more attractive and interactive for attracting the attention of the audiences. This particular part is based on the data collection procedure of the company.Both Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint have the functionality to represent the statistical figures, charts using pictorial format, which are unique and attractive for many users. The comparisons are very much negligibl e as compared with different sales record of the three quartile. The entire difference is only 5 percentThese aids all have the functionality to represent various statistical presentations for the users to follow. In addition, the visual aids are also useful in case if there is any need of sound or audio presentation. The office is build across the major cities of the United States.Finally, these visual aids have the functionality to prepare any calculation or statistical measurements accurately (Dignen McMaster, 2013). These visual aids are mostly compatible to all the windows systems. The sales volume has increased 15 percent as compared with previous year.Average annual rainfall is also determined by using this particular software. The major cities like New York have a rainfall of 1268 mm per season. Los Angles 326 mm and followed by Houston 1264mm per season. The following table shows the average rainfalls in the major cities of USA. Figure1: Average rainfall in the major cities of USA (Source: Currentresults.com, 2015) NAME: AGE: GENDER: OCCUPATION: ANNUAL INCOME: DO YOU HAVE A BANK ACCOUNT? DO YOU HAVE MORE THAN ONE BANK ACCOUNT? IN WHICH BANK YOU HAVE ACCOUNT(s)? ARE YOU A CREDIT OR DEBIT CARD HOLDER? DO YOU HAVE ANY INVESTMENT? HAVE YOU TAKEN ANY LOAN? IF YES, THEN WHAT TYPE OF LOAN YOU HAVE TAKEN? WHICH BANK WOULD YOU PREFER IN FUTURE? DO YOU HAVE ANY ACCOUNT IN TRI-CITY BANK? DO YOU HAVE ANY INVESTMENT IN TRI-CITY BANK? WHICH BANK DO YOU PREFER MOST? It is assumed that, the total number of respondents who checked each alternative is 50. a) To present the information in Question 1 that can be collected from the questionnaire, no table is needed. b) Cross tabulation is generally done to check the correlation between two or more categorical variable. Here a cross tabulation can be done between AGE, GENDER and OCCUPATION to check particularly which group in terms of age, gender and occupation have more banking habits. c) Question 4 in the questionnaire is about occupation of the respondents. The information related to this question can be represented in the following way, OCCUPATION NUMBER OF THE RESPONDENTS DIRECTOR 1 FINANCER 1 MAKEUP ARTIST 10 FLOOR MANAGER 10 ASSISTANT MANAGER 2 MAKE UP ARTIST 5 LIGHTMAN 7 FOOD MANAGER 2 CAMERA ARTIST 5 SECURITY GURD 2 The appropriate title of the table is OCCUPATION STRUCTUTRE OF THE BROADWAY PRODUCTION SECTION2: a) An effective talking heading is Job and an effective generic heading is Occupation. b) Effective topic sentence Job Structure of the Broadway Production. c) From the table it can be seen that, almost all the employees of the Broadway Production has small income. Therefore, it can be said that, the Tri-city Bank should offer some investment plan to these employees, which needs very minimum capital. d) Most of the employees now prefer to open account in the Tri-city bank as this bank offers more interest to the customers with relatively low income. In addition, this bank has some attractive investment plans, which the bank customers with very little income can afford. An example of such plan is by investing only 5 dollar per month, the customer can get 10000 dollar after 2 year. Due to the low premium rate, the employees of the Broadway production can access this investment plan. For these reasons, they have changed their banks. Reference List BoveÃÅ' e, C., Thill, J. (2012).Business communication today. Boston: Pearson. Byron, E. (2015).Fat is Back...The Rise of Creamy Yogurt.WSJ. Retrieved 5 September 2015, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/fat-is-back-the-rise-of-creamy-yogurt-1433274871 Currentresults.com, (2015).Average Annual Precipitation by City in the US - Current Results. [online] Available at: https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/US/average-annual-precipitation-by-city.php [Accessed 6 Sep. 2015]. Dignen, B., McMaster, I. (2013).Effective international business communication. London: Collins. Guffey, M., Loewy, D. 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